Cardiopulmonary Compensatory Mechanisms In Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: A Comprehensive Review

Authors

  • Dr. Tsering Sangdup MBBS, Dr. P Ramesh Menon ,Dr. Sanketh Edem ,Dr. Pratik Jha Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48047/

Keywords:

Cyanotic congenital heart disease; cardiopulmonary compensation; chronic hypoxia; hypoxia-inducible factor; erythropoiesis; secondary erythrocytosis; metabolic reprogramming; pulmonary vascular remodeling; cardiac remodeling; endothelial dysfunction.

Abstract

Cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) comprises a diverse group of structural cardiac anomalies characterized by right-to-left shunting and persistent systemic hypoxemia, leading to a complex interaction of cardiopulmonary, hematologic, and metabolic adaptations. This review synthesizes current evidence to clarify the multilayered compensatory mechanisms 

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Published

2026-04-15

Issue

Vol. 17 No. 4 (2026): Volume 17 Issue 4 (2026)

Section

Articles