IV Dexmedetomidine and IV esmolol in laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation in laparoscopic surgeries: Heart rate changes

Abstract

A powerful noxious stimulus like laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation induces hypothalamic activity 
and results in an increased outflow in the sympathetic tracts. Consequently norepinephrine is released by 
post ganglionic sympathetic fibers and increased secretion from adrenal medulla. Attempts have been 
made to assess sympathetic activity directly by measurement of plasma catecholamine concentrations 
with the use of radio enzymatic assays and high pressure liquid chromatography, by various workers. 
The study involves the patients undergoing laparoscopic surgeries of the age group between 15 to 50 
years. Informed written consent was taken from the patients of age 18 to 50 years and for those between 
15 to 18 years, assent from the patient and informed written consent from the parents/guardian was 
obtained. All the patients were assessed preoperatively with history, clinical examination and required 
investigations. There was significant increase in the mean HR observed at 5th