A comprehensive analysis of “Environmental and lifestyle risk factors influencing osteoporosis incidence and fracture outcomes: a systematic review of global and Indian populations.

Abstract

Background: Osteoporosis is a chronic metabolic bone disorder characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone microarchitecture, leading to skeletal fragility and an increased risk of low-trauma fractures. These fragility fractures predominantly affect  the spine, hip, and wrist, often resulting