BREAST CANCER: INSIGHTS INTO THE MAJOR SIGNALING 2 PATHWAYS IMPLICATED IN MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48047/Keywords:
Breast cancer; Estrogen receptors; HER-2; PI3K/AKT/mTOR; RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK.Abstract
As the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide, breast cancer poses a formidable public health
challenge on a global scale. Breast cancer encompasses of a group of biologically and molecularly heterogeneous
diseases originated from the breast. Regarding gene profile studies, breast cancer can be categorized, according to
the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor (HER)-2 expression,
into five molecular subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2-overexpressing, triple negative and normal-like breast
cancer. ER pathway plays prominent roles in development and progression of carcinogenesis by preventing
apoptosis especially in ER+ breast cancer. In addition, breast cancer proliferation is enhanced by epidermal growth
factor (EGF), which stimulates signaling through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways by
activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) axes. These pathways are tightly interconnected with ER22 activated signaling and multiple points of cross talks are now elucidated. The latent relevance of ER,
PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Raf/ MEK/ERK signaling pathways to all major subtypes of breast cancer will be discussed
in this review
