Comprehensive Assessment of Chronic Kidney Disease Risk Perception in a Community Sample: A Study in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Abstract

Background:
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a global health concern associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly linked to diabetes and hypertension. Detecting CKD in its asymptomatic early stages poses a significant challenge, potentially leading to costly interventions like Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT). The perceived low risk of kidney disease in the general population further hinders prevention and early intervention efforts. Understanding individual CKD risk perception is crucial for proactive risk management.
Methodology: A diverse cohort of 320 participants aged 18 and above, proficient in English or Odiya, was recruited from three general medicine clinics in different areas of Bhubaneswar city. Personal interviews, utilizing a pre-structured questionnaire covering family history, quality of life, perceived risk, physician diagnosis, demographic information, and perceived efficacy in managing health conditions, were conducted. Responses were recorded using Likert-style scales or binary options. Statistical analysis employed open-source R software. Data collection spanned from June 2020 to August 2021.
Results:
Among 320 subjects, 228 (71.3%) were female, categorized into three age groups. Hypertension was diagnosed in 34.1% of subjects, type 2 diabetes in 15.0%, and kidney disease in 5.3%. A notable portion reported a lack of control over their diseases. Those with family histories perceived higher risk. Noteworthy differences in awareness existed between CKD and type 2 diabetes versus CKD and hypertension. The findings highlight the complex interplay between diagnosis, family history, and individual perceptions.
Discussion: A substantial proportion reported a perceived lack of control over their diseases, potentially linked to the unpredictable
nature of chronic disease management. Surprisingly, a low percentage identified themselves as at increased risk, with family history influencing risk perception. Discrepancies in awareness between CKD and diabetes versus hypertension align with the Health Belief Model, emphasizing the role of community awareness in shaping perceptions.
Conclusion:
The study underscores a significant lack of awareness about CKD and its risk factors within the local population. Addressing this gap necessitates targeted awareness and education programs focusing on the asymptomatic nature of CKD. Regular renal care counseling and lifestyle modifications are pivotal interventions for individuals at high risk, aiming to prevent or slow down CKD progression.