Epidemiological Trends and Risk Factors for Lung Cancer: A Global Perspective

Abstract

Lung cancer accounts for 19% of all cancer-related fatalities and 17% and 9%, respectively, of all cancers in men and women. The worldwide epidemiology of lung cancer need ongoing monitoring due to its very high disease burden and the regional diversity in trends for population growth, ageing, and smoking behavior. Lung cancer epidemiology in significant industrialized nations like the United States and the European Union has continuously been recorded. When identifying lung tumors for therapy and preventative measures, histology and molecular indicators such genetic alterations are crucial. For instance, changes in the components and
delivery methods of cigarettes as well as non-tobacco risk factors may be responsible for extensive temporal increases in the incidence of adenocarcinoma. Overall, there is still much to be learned about the worldwide epidemiology of these factors in connection to lung cancer incidence and death. Rate of occurrence Lung cancer's age-adjusted global incidence rate in 2012 was 13.6/100,000 for women and 34.2/100,000 for men. The incidence rates have changed significantly throughout time. Over time, there was a steady convergence of the incidence rates for both boys and females in the majority of nations (Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States) that were classed as having a high or very high HDI. This was caused by the notable declines in lung cancer rates among men and the persistent rise in lung cancer rates among women, albeit since 2010, the
incidence of lung cancer in the US has also started to decline among women. One of the leading factors in the development of the various LC instances is smoking, specifically tobacco smoke.  People who smoke frequently are exposed to LC around 20 times more than those who have never smoked. For men, smoking causes 80% of LC, whereas for women, it causes 50% of LC. In nations where tobacco use has a history, smoking is responsible for up to 90% of LC cases. Studies examining the relationship between lung cancer incidence and socioeconomic status have revealed that those with lower educational attainment, poorer incomes, and low occupational positions are generally at a greater risk of developing lung cancer. Information on the use of vitamins as chemotherapy preventive agents in lung cancer has been conflicting. The replication of DNA and the repair of DNA damage depend on the B vitamins. Genome instability is caused by both genetic and epigenetic modifications to DNA. There is continual genetic diversity throughout the genome, which is natural. However, alterations that are functionally or positionally grouped in important parts of the genome are linked to malignancy, such as lung cancer