Abstract

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a condition caused by structural or functional abnormalities in the heart, leading to reduced cardiac output and/or increased cardiac pressure during rest or stress. The prevalence of CHF in developed countries is estimated to be around 1-3% of the adult population exceeding 10% in individuals over 70 years old and even higher, at 30%, in those over 85. This trend is expected to continue due to the aging population, with an estimated 46% increase in CHF prevalence projected for 2030 compared to 2012 in the United States. Patients diagnosed with CHF often experience multiple comorbidities, both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular, which accelerate disease progression and worsen response to treatment.1 The presence of these comorbidities is associated with higher rates of hospitalization and prolonged hospital stays, leading to a significant decline in functional capacity and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for individuals with CHF.1 Comprehensive management of CHF patients should include addressing these comorbidities. Proper treatment and management of these conditions can have a positive impact on the prognosis, reduce hospitalization rates, and improve the overall health-related quality of life for affected individuals.2

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