Abstract

This paper analyzes the recent research and developments in the field of surgery with the focus on Endocrine Surgery, Hand Surgery, Neurosurgery, Head and Neck Surgery, Bariatric Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery, Ophthalmological Surgery, and General Surgery. For every branch, the essence is to pinpoint and provide an explanation of the most significant innovations, methods and their consequence to the patient's condition. Endocrine Surgery deals with minimally invasive surgery and molecular diagnostics, whereas Hand Surgery addresses nerve reconstruction and tissue engineering. Neurosurgery presents image-guided techniques and neuromodulation therapies; on the contrary, Head and Neck Surgery explores organ preservation strategies and immunotherapy approaches. The Bariatric Surgery chapter is about metabolic effects and revisional surgery techniques, whereas the Orthopedic Surgery chapter is dedicated to patient-specific implants and biologics. Ophthalmological Surgery presents femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery, MIGS procedures, and corneal transplant technology in focus. General Surgery covers ERSAS protocols, modern imaging modalities, and non-invasive treatment programs. The conclusion part of this speech illustrates the next research directions as well as underlines the significance of surgical development for achievement of the best outcomes and quality of life.

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