Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in children , and more than 90% of all diabetes cases in childhood is type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Several complications, including retinopathy, diabetic kidney disease, hypertension, cardiovascular autonomic, and peripheral sensory neuropathy, are associated with the onset of diabetes in childhood and represent a significant burden for the health care system. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy was defined as an autonomic nervous system disorder in diabetes or prediabetes after the exclusion of other causes, while diabetic peripheral neuropathy as a “symmetrical, length-dependent sensorimotor polyneuropathy attributable to metabolic and microvessel alterations as a result of chronic hyperglycemia exposure (diabetes) and cardiovascular risk covariates.

Description