Abstract

The frequency of thyroid nodules is high and rises significantly with age. The purpose of this study is to examine the utility of the immunohistochemical markers HBME-1, CD56, and CK19 in distinguishing hyperplastic, benign, and malignant thyroid lesions. Material and Methods: Research was conducted both proactively and retrospectively. From October 2020-September 2022, a total of two years' worth of cases were accumulated. Location: Afzalgunj, Hyderabad; Osmania General Hospital. Fifty patients who presented with thyroid nodular swellings were surgically removed and referred to the histopathology section for analysis. Age, sex, and clinical differential diagnosis were all considered as well as other clinical information. Results: The present study is a cross sectional study carried over a period of 24 months (October 2020 to September 2022) in the upgraded department of pathology, Osmania General Hospital, Afzalgunj, Hyderabad. Age range was 20-60 years with mean age being 36.44 years. Female preponderance was noted with a male to female ratio of 1:11.5. Majority of cases were seen in 3rd and 4th decades. Routine H&E along with immunostaining with HBME-1, CK 19 and CD 56 was performed. Out of 50 cases, 38 were benign lesions 12 were malignant lesions. HBME-1 and CK 19 expression was decreased in benign lesions and showed high expression in malignant lesions. Whereas CD56 expression was high in benign lesions and decreased in malignant lesions. Positive staining with HBME-1 was noted in 2.63% of benign lesions which (focal and weak) and 100 % of malignant lesions, with 100% sensitivity and 97.4% specificity in differentiating malignant from benign lesions. Positive staining with CK 19 was noted in 10.52% of benign lesions and 91.6% of malignant lesions, with 91.7% sensitivity and 89.5% specificity in differentiating malignant from benign lesions. Positive staining with CD56 was in 100% of benign lesions and 25% of malignant lesions, with 75% sensitivity and 100% specificity in differentiating malignant from benign lesions. Expression of HBME-1, CK 19 and CD56 showed a statistically significant correlation with many studies. Conclusion: Therefore, IHC markers that can aid in better assessment of morphologic features should be incorporated into the diagnostic strategy for these cancers. HBME1 AND CK 19 are helpful antibodies for the differential diagnostic markers to identify malignant lesion and also increase the diagnostic accuracy when used with CD56.

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